PLL close loop bandwidth

The slides cover PLL analysis from a system point of view.

A tutorial on Phase Locked Loops

This tutorial is recommended by a senior member of my team: "Design of Monolithic Phase Locked Loops and Clock Recovery Circuits: A Tutorial".

Are uncorrelated normal random variables necessarily independent?

Professor Rosenthal nicely explained this questions by giving two clear examples. The golden quote is "What is true is that if the random variable pair (X,Y) follows the bivariate normal distribution, and Cov(X,Y) = 0, then X and Y must be independent. But what is not true is that if each of X and Y is normally distributed, and Cov(X,Y) = 0, then X and Y must be independent".

An Overview of Boundary Scan Test Methodology

An abstract review of boundary scan test methodology is available here. Pros and cons are introduced as below:

Benefits:

• Reusable Test Vectors
• Reduced Test Time
• Reduced Time to Market
• Faster ROI
• Reduced Design Iterations
• Efficient and Economical Production
• Functional Test

Challenges:

• Area Overhead / Additional Circuits
• Additional Pins
• Higher Design Effort
• Performance Degradation
• Power Consumption

Digital Signatures Verification

Heartbleed bug and stories around it motivated me to review the SSL security. Here is a good review of Digital Signature. It provides graphical flow charts of the procedure that eases the review ....

Multivariate Mutual Information

Here is a useful review on "Multivariate Mutual Information". I'm working on the negative interaction in a tri-variate problem. The definition of semi-independent distribution caught my attraction. From [Han'80: Multiple Mutual Informations and Multiple Interactions in Frequency Data], a tri-variate distribution (U,V,Y) is semi-independent if

Pr{U V Y} = Pr{U} Pr{V Y} + Pr{V} Pr{U Y} + Pr{Y} P r{U V} − 2 Pr{U} Pr{V} Pr{Y}